A global view of gene expression in the preimplantation mouse embryo: Morula versus blastocyst

As a first step to understand preimplantation development, we performed global gene-expression profiling of morula and blastocyst using the NIA 15k mouse cDNA microarray. Gene expression levels were measured four times for blastocyst and five times for morula. Student's t-test at the 5% significance level identified 428 genes upregulated and 748 downregulated in blastocyst compared to morula. This trend was consistent with semi-quantative RT-PCR analysis of sample genes. The upregulated genes known to be involved in critical regulatory processes, included Mist1, Id2, Hd1, and Requiem; the downregulated genes included CREB-binding protein, Per3, zinc finger protein 217, Krox-25, and miwi1. Such well-characterized genes and many novel genes provide markers for early stages in development and starting materials for further functional studies.