Abstract
We present 1″.4 (98 pc) resolution ALMA observations of 13CO(J = 1-0), C18O(J = 1-0), CS(J = 2-1), and CH3OH(JK = 2K-1K) molecular rotational lines in the central 1′ (4.2 kpc) diameter region of NGC 1068 to study the physical and chemical properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and to test whether these GMC-scale properties are linked to the larger-scale galactic environment. Using the derived 13CO cube, we have identified 187 high-significance (>8σ) GMCs by employing the CLUMPFIND algorithm. The molecular gas masses of GMCs (M13CO), derived from the 13CO data, range from 1.8 × 104 M⊙ to 4.2 × 107 M⊙. A mass function of GMCs in NGC 1068 has been obtained for the first time at ∼100 pc resolution. We find the slope of the mass function γ = -1.25 ± 0.07 for a mass range of M13CO ≥ 105 M⊙. This is shallower than the GMCs in the disk regions of the Milky Way, M 51, and NGC 300. Further, we find that the high mass cut-off of the GMC mass function occurs at M13CO ∼ 6 × 107 M⊙, which is an order of magnitude larger than that in the nuclear bar region of M 51, indicating that the more massive clouds dominate the mass budget in NGC 1068. The observed C18O(J = 1-0)/13CO(J = 1-0) intensity ratios are found to be fairly uniform (0.27 ± 0.05) among the identified GMCs. In contrast, the CH3OH(JK = 2K-1K)/13CO(J = 1-0) ratios exhibit striking spatial variation across the disk, with the smallest values around the bar-end (<0.03), and larger ratios along the spiral arms (∼0.1-0.2). We find that GMCs with detectable methanol emission tend to have systematically larger velocity widths than those without methanol emission, suggesting that (relatively weak) shocks are responsible for the enhancement of the CH3OH/13CO ratios of GMCs in the disk of NGC 1068.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 18 |
| Journal | Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |
| Volume | 69 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2017 |
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Keywords
- Galaxies: individual (NGC 1068)
- Galaxies: ISM
- Radio lines: galaxies
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science
Cite this
A statistical study of giant molecular clouds traced by 13CO, C18O, CS, and CH3OH in the disk of NGC 1068 based on ALMA observations. / Tosaki, Tomoka; Kohno, Kotaro; Harada, Nanase; Tanaka, Kunihiko; Egusa, Fumi; Izumi, Takuma; Takano, Shuro; Nakajima, Taku; Taniguchi, Akio; Tamura, Yoichi.
In: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 69, No. 2, 18, 2017.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - A statistical study of giant molecular clouds traced by 13CO, C18O, CS, and CH3OH in the disk of NGC 1068 based on ALMA observations
AU - Tosaki, Tomoka
AU - Kohno, Kotaro
AU - Harada, Nanase
AU - Tanaka, Kunihiko
AU - Egusa, Fumi
AU - Izumi, Takuma
AU - Takano, Shuro
AU - Nakajima, Taku
AU - Taniguchi, Akio
AU - Tamura, Yoichi
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - We present 1″.4 (98 pc) resolution ALMA observations of 13CO(J = 1-0), C18O(J = 1-0), CS(J = 2-1), and CH3OH(JK = 2K-1K) molecular rotational lines in the central 1′ (4.2 kpc) diameter region of NGC 1068 to study the physical and chemical properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and to test whether these GMC-scale properties are linked to the larger-scale galactic environment. Using the derived 13CO cube, we have identified 187 high-significance (>8σ) GMCs by employing the CLUMPFIND algorithm. The molecular gas masses of GMCs (M13CO), derived from the 13CO data, range from 1.8 × 104 M⊙ to 4.2 × 107 M⊙. A mass function of GMCs in NGC 1068 has been obtained for the first time at ∼100 pc resolution. We find the slope of the mass function γ = -1.25 ± 0.07 for a mass range of M13CO ≥ 105 M⊙. This is shallower than the GMCs in the disk regions of the Milky Way, M 51, and NGC 300. Further, we find that the high mass cut-off of the GMC mass function occurs at M13CO ∼ 6 × 107 M⊙, which is an order of magnitude larger than that in the nuclear bar region of M 51, indicating that the more massive clouds dominate the mass budget in NGC 1068. The observed C18O(J = 1-0)/13CO(J = 1-0) intensity ratios are found to be fairly uniform (0.27 ± 0.05) among the identified GMCs. In contrast, the CH3OH(JK = 2K-1K)/13CO(J = 1-0) ratios exhibit striking spatial variation across the disk, with the smallest values around the bar-end (<0.03), and larger ratios along the spiral arms (∼0.1-0.2). We find that GMCs with detectable methanol emission tend to have systematically larger velocity widths than those without methanol emission, suggesting that (relatively weak) shocks are responsible for the enhancement of the CH3OH/13CO ratios of GMCs in the disk of NGC 1068.
AB - We present 1″.4 (98 pc) resolution ALMA observations of 13CO(J = 1-0), C18O(J = 1-0), CS(J = 2-1), and CH3OH(JK = 2K-1K) molecular rotational lines in the central 1′ (4.2 kpc) diameter region of NGC 1068 to study the physical and chemical properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and to test whether these GMC-scale properties are linked to the larger-scale galactic environment. Using the derived 13CO cube, we have identified 187 high-significance (>8σ) GMCs by employing the CLUMPFIND algorithm. The molecular gas masses of GMCs (M13CO), derived from the 13CO data, range from 1.8 × 104 M⊙ to 4.2 × 107 M⊙. A mass function of GMCs in NGC 1068 has been obtained for the first time at ∼100 pc resolution. We find the slope of the mass function γ = -1.25 ± 0.07 for a mass range of M13CO ≥ 105 M⊙. This is shallower than the GMCs in the disk regions of the Milky Way, M 51, and NGC 300. Further, we find that the high mass cut-off of the GMC mass function occurs at M13CO ∼ 6 × 107 M⊙, which is an order of magnitude larger than that in the nuclear bar region of M 51, indicating that the more massive clouds dominate the mass budget in NGC 1068. The observed C18O(J = 1-0)/13CO(J = 1-0) intensity ratios are found to be fairly uniform (0.27 ± 0.05) among the identified GMCs. In contrast, the CH3OH(JK = 2K-1K)/13CO(J = 1-0) ratios exhibit striking spatial variation across the disk, with the smallest values around the bar-end (<0.03), and larger ratios along the spiral arms (∼0.1-0.2). We find that GMCs with detectable methanol emission tend to have systematically larger velocity widths than those without methanol emission, suggesting that (relatively weak) shocks are responsible for the enhancement of the CH3OH/13CO ratios of GMCs in the disk of NGC 1068.
KW - Galaxies: individual (NGC 1068)
KW - Galaxies: ISM
KW - Radio lines: galaxies
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85019498137&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85019498137&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/pasj/psw122
DO - 10.1093/pasj/psw122
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85019498137
VL - 69
JO - Publication of the Astronomical Society of Japan
JF - Publication of the Astronomical Society of Japan
SN - 0004-6264
IS - 2
M1 - 18
ER -