TY - JOUR
T1 - Association of blood cadmium levels in pregnant women with infant birth size and small for gestational age infants
T2 - The Japan Environment and Children's study
AU - The Japan Environment and Children's Study Group
AU - Inadera, Hidekuni
AU - Takamori, Ayako
AU - Matsumura, Kenta
AU - Tsuchida, Akiko
AU - Cui, Zheng Guo
AU - Hamazaki, Kei
AU - Tanaka, Tomomi
AU - Ito, Mika
AU - Kigawa, Mika
AU - Origasa, Hideki
AU - Michikawa, Takehiro
AU - Nakayama, Shoji F.
AU - Isobe, Tomohiko
AU - Takeuchi, Ayano
AU - Sato, Tosiya
AU - Nitta, Hiroshi
AU - Yamazaki, Shin
N1 - Funding Information:
The JECS is funded by the Ministry of the Environment , Japan. The funding source played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit this paper for publication.
Funding Information:
The JECS protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board on Epidemiological Studies of the Ministry of the Environment (#100910001) and ethics committees of all participating institutions. The JECS was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and other nationally valid regulations and guidelines. Participant recruitment involved a face-to-face explanation of the survey to mothers and written informed consent was obtained and recorded.The JECS is funded by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. The funding source played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit this paper for publication.We are grateful to all the participants of the JECS and to all individuals involved in data collection. This study was funded by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. The findings and conclusions of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the above government. We also thank the following members of the JECS as of 2020: Michihiro Kamijima (principal investigator, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan), Shin Yamazaki (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan), Yukihiro Ohya (National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan), Reiko Kishi (Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan), Nobuo Yaegashi (Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan), Koichi Hashimoto (Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan), Chisato Mori (Chiba University, Chiba, Japan), Shuichi Ito (Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan), Zentaro Yamagata (University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan), Hidekuni Inadera (University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan), Michihiro Kamijima (Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan), Takeo Nakayama (Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan), Hiroyasu Iso (Osaka University, Suita, Japan), Masayuki Shima (Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan), Youichi Kurozawa (Tottori University, Yonago, Japan), Narufumi Suganuma (Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan), Koichi Kusuhara (University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan), and Takahiko Katoh (Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 The Author(s)
PY - 2020/12
Y1 - 2020/12
N2 - Background: There is growing evidence of an association between cadmium (Cd) and unfavorable birth outcomes. The effect of Cd exposure on anthropometric measures at birth or small for gestational age (SGA) infants in a large, nationwide Japanese cohort remains to be clarified. Objectives: To analyze the association between maternal blood Cd levels at different sampling times and sex-dependent infant birth size, weight, body length, chest, and head circumferences, in addition to SGA. Methods: Data of 17,584 pregnant women in the Japan Environment and Children's Study were analyzed for anthropometric measurements. For SGA determination, 13,969 cases of vaginal delivery were analyzed after excluding infants born by cesarean section. Maternal blood Cd levels were categorized into quartiles (Q1–Q4), and the Q1 was used as a reference. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for anthropometric measurements, and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of maternal blood Cd levels with the risk of SGA. Results: Birth weight tended to decrease according to the increase in quartiles of blood Cd levels (15.63 g decrease [95% confidence level (CI): −33.26, 2.01] for Q4). The overall analysis revealed no decreases in body length and head and chest circumference, but subgroup analysis revealed that chest circumference tended to decrease according to the increase in quartiles in the female sex/third-trimester stratification (0.16 cm decrease [95% CI: −0.32, 0.00] for Q4). SGA risk was also higher and paralleled the increase in blood Cd levels associated with the female sex/third-trimester group (Odds Ratio 1.90 [95% CI: 1.23, 2.94] for Q4). Conclusion: Our results provide further evidence of sex-specific health risks associated with Cd exposure in early life in a large Japanese pregnancy cohort.
AB - Background: There is growing evidence of an association between cadmium (Cd) and unfavorable birth outcomes. The effect of Cd exposure on anthropometric measures at birth or small for gestational age (SGA) infants in a large, nationwide Japanese cohort remains to be clarified. Objectives: To analyze the association between maternal blood Cd levels at different sampling times and sex-dependent infant birth size, weight, body length, chest, and head circumferences, in addition to SGA. Methods: Data of 17,584 pregnant women in the Japan Environment and Children's Study were analyzed for anthropometric measurements. For SGA determination, 13,969 cases of vaginal delivery were analyzed after excluding infants born by cesarean section. Maternal blood Cd levels were categorized into quartiles (Q1–Q4), and the Q1 was used as a reference. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for anthropometric measurements, and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of maternal blood Cd levels with the risk of SGA. Results: Birth weight tended to decrease according to the increase in quartiles of blood Cd levels (15.63 g decrease [95% confidence level (CI): −33.26, 2.01] for Q4). The overall analysis revealed no decreases in body length and head and chest circumference, but subgroup analysis revealed that chest circumference tended to decrease according to the increase in quartiles in the female sex/third-trimester stratification (0.16 cm decrease [95% CI: −0.32, 0.00] for Q4). SGA risk was also higher and paralleled the increase in blood Cd levels associated with the female sex/third-trimester group (Odds Ratio 1.90 [95% CI: 1.23, 2.94] for Q4). Conclusion: Our results provide further evidence of sex-specific health risks associated with Cd exposure in early life in a large Japanese pregnancy cohort.
KW - Cadmium
KW - Neonatal outcome
KW - Pregnancy
KW - Sex-specific risk
KW - Trimester
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U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110007
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110007
M3 - Article
C2 - 32768474
AN - SCOPUS:85091195765
SN - 0013-9351
VL - 191
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
M1 - 110007
ER -
