TY - JOUR
T1 - Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode Outperforms the State-of-the-Art Electrochemiluminescence from Microbeads Immunoassay
AU - Sakanoue, Kohei
AU - Fiorani, Andrea
AU - Santo, Claudio Ignazio
AU - Irkham,
AU - Valenti, Giovanni
AU - Paolucci, Francesco
AU - Einaga, Yasuaki
N1 - Funding Information:
A.F. acknowledges the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Fellowship ID No. P19333) and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (Grant 19F19333). Furthermore, this work was partially supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research A 19H00832 (to Y. E.).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
PY - 2022/4/22
Y1 - 2022/4/22
N2 - Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful transduction technique where light emission from a molecular species is triggered by an electrochemical reaction. Application to biosensors has led to a wide range of electroanalytical methods with particular impact on clinical analysis for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring. Therefore, the quest for increasing the sensitivity while maintaining reproducible and easy procedures has brought investigations and innovations in (i) electrode materials, (ii) luminophores, and (iii) reagents. Particularly, the ECL signal is strongly affected by the electrode material and its surface modification during the ECL experiments. Here, we exploit boron-doped diamond (BDD) as an electrode material in microbead-based ECL immunoassay to be compared with the approach used in commercial instrumentation. We conducted a careful characterization of ECL signals from a tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+)/tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) system, both homogeneous (i.e., free diffusing Ru(bpy)32+) and heterogeneous (i.e., Ru(bpy)32+bound on microbeads). We investigated the methods to promote TPrA oxidation, which led to the enhancement of ECL intensity, and the results revealed that the BDD surface properties greatly affect the ECL emission, so it does the addition of neutral, cationic, or anionic surfactants. Our results from homogeneous and heterogeneous microbead-based ECL show opposite outcomes, which have practical consequences in ECL optimization. In conclusion, by using Ru(bpy)32+-labeled immunoglobulins bound on microbeads, the ECL resulted in an increase of 70% and a double signal-to-noise ratio compared to platinum electrodes, which are actually used in commercial instrumentation for clinical analysis. This research infers that microbead-based ECL immunoassays with a higher sensitivity can be realized by BDD.
AB - Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful transduction technique where light emission from a molecular species is triggered by an electrochemical reaction. Application to biosensors has led to a wide range of electroanalytical methods with particular impact on clinical analysis for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring. Therefore, the quest for increasing the sensitivity while maintaining reproducible and easy procedures has brought investigations and innovations in (i) electrode materials, (ii) luminophores, and (iii) reagents. Particularly, the ECL signal is strongly affected by the electrode material and its surface modification during the ECL experiments. Here, we exploit boron-doped diamond (BDD) as an electrode material in microbead-based ECL immunoassay to be compared with the approach used in commercial instrumentation. We conducted a careful characterization of ECL signals from a tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+)/tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) system, both homogeneous (i.e., free diffusing Ru(bpy)32+) and heterogeneous (i.e., Ru(bpy)32+bound on microbeads). We investigated the methods to promote TPrA oxidation, which led to the enhancement of ECL intensity, and the results revealed that the BDD surface properties greatly affect the ECL emission, so it does the addition of neutral, cationic, or anionic surfactants. Our results from homogeneous and heterogeneous microbead-based ECL show opposite outcomes, which have practical consequences in ECL optimization. In conclusion, by using Ru(bpy)32+-labeled immunoglobulins bound on microbeads, the ECL resulted in an increase of 70% and a double signal-to-noise ratio compared to platinum electrodes, which are actually used in commercial instrumentation for clinical analysis. This research infers that microbead-based ECL immunoassays with a higher sensitivity can be realized by BDD.
KW - Boron-doped diamond
KW - Electrochemiluminescence
KW - Immunosensor
KW - Microbeads
KW - Ru(bpy)
KW - Tri-n-propylamine
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85127877585&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acssensors.2c00156
DO - 10.1021/acssensors.2c00156
M3 - Article
C2 - 35298151
AN - SCOPUS:85127877585
VL - 7
SP - 1145
EP - 1155
JO - ACS Sensors
JF - ACS Sensors
SN - 2379-3694
IS - 4
ER -