TY - JOUR
T1 - Release of highly active ice nucleating biological particles associated with rain
AU - Iwata, Ayumi
AU - Imura, Mayu
AU - Hama, Moeka
AU - Maki, Teruya
AU - Tsuchiya, Nozomu
AU - Kunihisa, Ryota
AU - Matsuki, Atsushi
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Funding Program for Next Generation World-Leading Researchers (grant no. GR045).
Funding Information:
We thank Tomoyuki Mizukami and Noriko Hasebe (Kanazawa University) and Norikatsu Akizawa (Kyoto University) for providing experimental equipment. We gratefully acknowledge Hirosi Tsurumaru (Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection) and Risa Maki for providing valuable comments for detecting biological particles. We also acknowledge the Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University for supplementary observations of particles by electronic microscope. The meteorological data were obtained from the Japanese Meteorological Agency (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/risk/obsdl/index.php). This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Funding Program for Next Generation World-Leading Researchers (grant no. GR045)
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by the authors.
PY - 2019/10/1
Y1 - 2019/10/1
N2 - Biological particles may play an important role in the climate system by efficiently acting as ice nucleating particles (INPs) at a higher temperature range (e.g., above -20 °C where representative INPs such as mineral dust remain inactive), but there is an obvious lack of direct evidence that these particles serve in this manner. Here, we collected ambient particles under different weather conditions for identifying INPs that are active above -22 °C. The abundance of such efficient INPs increased during or following rainfall events. The extensive characterization of individual particles by three different analyses (particle morphology and composition, heat sensitivity of ice nucleation activities, and biological fingerprinting by DNA staining) revealed that efficient INPs have distinctly biological characteristics, which differ significantly from more abundant, representative, and relatively less active INPs, such as mineral dust. Additionally, by combining the heat-sensitivity experiments and DNA staining techniques, efficient INPs were found to contain heat-sensitive biomaterials and biological cells. Our findings provide direct evidence that biological particles are preferentially released into the atmosphere during rainfall events and act as important atmospheric INPs at higher temperature ranges (warmer than -22 °C), where typical INPs remain inactive.
AB - Biological particles may play an important role in the climate system by efficiently acting as ice nucleating particles (INPs) at a higher temperature range (e.g., above -20 °C where representative INPs such as mineral dust remain inactive), but there is an obvious lack of direct evidence that these particles serve in this manner. Here, we collected ambient particles under different weather conditions for identifying INPs that are active above -22 °C. The abundance of such efficient INPs increased during or following rainfall events. The extensive characterization of individual particles by three different analyses (particle morphology and composition, heat sensitivity of ice nucleation activities, and biological fingerprinting by DNA staining) revealed that efficient INPs have distinctly biological characteristics, which differ significantly from more abundant, representative, and relatively less active INPs, such as mineral dust. Additionally, by combining the heat-sensitivity experiments and DNA staining techniques, efficient INPs were found to contain heat-sensitive biomaterials and biological cells. Our findings provide direct evidence that biological particles are preferentially released into the atmosphere during rainfall events and act as important atmospheric INPs at higher temperature ranges (warmer than -22 °C), where typical INPs remain inactive.
KW - Biological particle
KW - Climate dynamics
KW - Ice nucleating particle
KW - Ice nucleation
KW - Water cycle
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U2 - 10.3390/atmos10100605
DO - 10.3390/atmos10100605
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85074098481
VL - 10
JO - ATMOSPHERE
JF - ATMOSPHERE
SN - 2073-4433
IS - 10
M1 - 605
ER -