TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of tissue alteration in skin after interaction with photomechanical waves used for gene transfection
AU - Terakawa, Mitsuhiro
AU - Tsuda, Hitoshi
AU - Ashida, Hiroshi
AU - Sato, Shunichi
PY - 2010/7/1
Y1 - 2010/7/1
N2 - Background and Objective: We previously delivered a therapeutic gene to skin grafts of rats by using photomechanical waves (PMWs), also called laser-induced stress waves (LISWs), with the objective of enhancing adhesion of grafted tissue. The objective of this study was to evaluate tissue alterations that are possibly caused by PMWs used for gene delivery on the basis of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Materials and Methods: PMWs were generated by irradiating an elastic laser target (rubber disk) with 532nm nanosecond laser pulses from a (of) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Tissue alterations were evaluated by histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical stainings, including anti-rat CD68 antibody staining to identify macrophages for detection of inflammation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining for assessment of apoptosis. Morphological changes of cell membranes and organelles were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Results: Skin exposed to PMWs that were generated at a laser fluence of 1.2 J/cm2 (42MPa in peak pressure), which is the optimum laser fluence (pressure) for therapeutic gene delivery to skin graft, showed no noticeable damage. At fluences higher than 1.8 J/cm2 (>51 MPa), fragmentation of nuclei was observed and the number of CD68-positive cells increased remarkably. No significant increases in the numbers of TUNEL-positive keratinocytes and fibroblasts were observed at 1.2 J/cm2. At fluences higher than 1.8 J/cm2, the averaged ratio of TUNELpositive cells also increased. The results of electron microscopy revealed that PMWs generated at 1.2 J/cm2 caused neither damage to the cell membrane, nuclear membrane, or organelles. Conclusion: We observed no noticeable tissue alteration under the optimum laser irradiation conditions used for therapeutic gene delivery to a skin graft, demonstrating low invasiveness of our PMW-based gene transfection.
AB - Background and Objective: We previously delivered a therapeutic gene to skin grafts of rats by using photomechanical waves (PMWs), also called laser-induced stress waves (LISWs), with the objective of enhancing adhesion of grafted tissue. The objective of this study was to evaluate tissue alterations that are possibly caused by PMWs used for gene delivery on the basis of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Materials and Methods: PMWs were generated by irradiating an elastic laser target (rubber disk) with 532nm nanosecond laser pulses from a (of) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Tissue alterations were evaluated by histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical stainings, including anti-rat CD68 antibody staining to identify macrophages for detection of inflammation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining for assessment of apoptosis. Morphological changes of cell membranes and organelles were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Results: Skin exposed to PMWs that were generated at a laser fluence of 1.2 J/cm2 (42MPa in peak pressure), which is the optimum laser fluence (pressure) for therapeutic gene delivery to skin graft, showed no noticeable damage. At fluences higher than 1.8 J/cm2 (>51 MPa), fragmentation of nuclei was observed and the number of CD68-positive cells increased remarkably. No significant increases in the numbers of TUNEL-positive keratinocytes and fibroblasts were observed at 1.2 J/cm2. At fluences higher than 1.8 J/cm2, the averaged ratio of TUNELpositive cells also increased. The results of electron microscopy revealed that PMWs generated at 1.2 J/cm2 caused neither damage to the cell membrane, nuclear membrane, or organelles. Conclusion: We observed no noticeable tissue alteration under the optimum laser irradiation conditions used for therapeutic gene delivery to a skin graft, demonstrating low invasiveness of our PMW-based gene transfection.
KW - Gene therapy
KW - Histological analysis
KW - Laser-induced stress waves
KW - Nonviral gene delivery
KW - Skin
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U2 - 10.1002/lsm.20928
DO - 10.1002/lsm.20928
M3 - Article
C2 - 20583245
AN - SCOPUS:77954404090
SN - 0196-8092
VL - 42
SP - 400
EP - 407
JO - Lasers in Surgery and Medicine
JF - Lasers in Surgery and Medicine
IS - 5
ER -