@article{fab22538df3d4f0389cee15e8193dfe0,
title = "Immune-resistant mechanisms in cancer immunotherapy",
abstract = "Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies (Abs) and CTLA4 Abs and T cell-based adoptive cell therapies are effective for patients with various cancers. However, response rates of ICI monotherapies are still limited due to lack of immunogenic antigens and various immune-resistant mechanisms. The latter includes adaptive immune resistance that is caused by anti-tumor T cells (e.g. PD-L1 induced by IFN-γ from T cells) and primary immune resistance that is caused by cancer cells (e.g. immunosuppressive cytokines produced by cancer cells). Further understanding of the immune-resistant mechanisms, which may be possible through comparative analyses of responders and non-responders to the immunotherapies, will lead to the identification of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for development of effective cancer immuno therapies.",
keywords = "Immune checkpoint inhibitor, Immunometabolism, Microbiota, Neo-antigen, Oncogene, TGF-β",
author = "Yutaka Kawakami and Shigeki Ohta and Sayem, {Mohammad A.} and Nobuo Tsukamoto and Tomonori Yaguchi",
note = "Funding Information: Y. Kawakami is an advisor for Taiho Pharma Co. Ltd., has received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Chugai, AstraZeneca, and has received research funding from Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Kowa, JSR, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., and Carna BioSciences, Inc. Other co-authors have no conflict of interest. Funding Information: This work was supported by Grants-in-aid for Scientific Research (26221005) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, and the Project for Cancer Research And Therapeutic Evolution (P-CREATE) (16cm0106305h0001) from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, Japan Society of Clinical Oncology.",
year = "2020",
month = may,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1007/s10147-019-01611-x",
language = "English",
volume = "25",
pages = "810--817",
journal = "International Journal of Clinical Oncology",
issn = "1341-9625",
publisher = "Springer Japan",
number = "5",
}
