@article{b74d893967df43c184152e3e2c066d3b,
title = "Localized Graphitization on Diamond Surface as a Manifestation of Dopants",
abstract = "Doped diamond electrodes have attracted significant attention for decades owing to their excellent physical and electrochemical properties. However, direct experimental observation of dopant effects on the diamond surface has not been available until now. Here, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy is utilized to investigate the atomic-scale morphology and electronic structures of (100)- and (111)-oriented boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Graphitized domains of a few nanometers are shown to manifest the effects of boron dopants on the BDD surface. Confirmed by first-principles calculations, local density of states measurements reveal that the electronic structure of these features is characterized by in-gap states induced by boron-related lattice deformation. The dopant-related graphitization is uniquely observed in BDD (111), which explains its electrochemical superiority over the (100) facet. These experimental observations provide atomic-scale information about the role of dopants in modulating the conductivity of diamond, as well as, possibly, other functional doped materials.",
keywords = "boron-doped diamond, dopant effects, graphitization, surface morphology",
author = "Catalan, {Francesca Celine I.} and Anh, {Le The} and Junepyo Oh and Emiko Kazuma and Norihiko Hayazawa and Norihito Ikemiya and Naoki Kamoshida and Yoshitaka Tateyama and Yasuaki Einaga and Yousoo Kim",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) under the ACCEL project entitled “Fundamental and Applications of Diamond Electrodes”. For their help especially in the sample preparation and initial stages of the experimentation, the authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. H. Kodama, T. Watanabe, K. Natsui, T. Shimizu, T. An, H. Lim, R. Wong, and Y. Yokota. Ms. Catalan also thanks M. Balgos for the helpful discussions and for carefully reading the manuscript. Funding Information: This work was supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) under the ACCEL project entitled ?Fundamental and Applications of Diamond Electrodes?. For their help especially in the sample preparation and initial stages of the experimentation, the authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. H. Kodama, T. Watanabe, K. Natsui, T. Shimizu, T. An, H. Lim, R. Wong, and Y. Yokota. Ms. Catalan also thanks M. Balgos for the helpful discussions and for carefully reading the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH",
year = "2021",
month = oct,
day = "21",
doi = "10.1002/adma.202103250",
language = "English",
volume = "33",
journal = "Advanced Materials",
issn = "0935-9648",
publisher = "Wiley-VCH Verlag",
number = "42",
}