Morphological evolution of carbonated hydroxyapatite to faceted nanorods through intermediate states

Pure and carbonated hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals are regarded as capital biocompatible materials. However, the formation process for faceted nanorods of HA has not been sufficiently clarified in supersaturated aqueous solution systems. Here, we monitored morphological evolution of carbonated HA to faceted crystals on the conversion of a parent calcite nanocrystal under hydrothermal conditions. In the initial stage, low-crystalline carbonated HA nanosheets ∼5 nm thick are formed as metastable intermediates. In the progressive stage, faceted nanorods ∼50 nm wide and ∼200 nm long grow as a relatively stable form of HA through the intermediates. The morphological evolution is ascribed to a stabilizing process of HA for improvement of the crystallinity and a decrease in the specific surface area and carbonate content.