TY - JOUR
T1 - Pneumocystis pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus–infected adults and adolescents
T2 - Current concepts and future directions
AU - Tasaka, Sadatomo
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© the authors, publisher and licensee Libertas Academica Limited.
Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2015
Y1 - 2015
N2 - Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus–infected adults. Colonization of Pneumocystis is highly prevalent among the general population and could be associated with the transmission and development of PCP in immunocompromised individuals. Although the microscopic demonstration of the organisms in respiratory specimens is still the golden standard of its diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction has been shown to have a high sensitivity, detecting Pneumocystis DNA in induced sputum or oropharyngeal wash. Serum β-D-glucan is useful as an adjunctive tool for the diagnosis of PCP. High-resolution computed tomography, which typically shows diffuse ground-glass opacities, is informative for the evaluation of immunocompromised patients with suspected PCP and normal chest radiography. Trimethoprim– sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first-line agent for the treatment of mild to severe PCP, although it is often complicated with various side effects. Since TMP-SMX is widely used for the prophylaxis, the putative drug resistance is an emerging concern.
AB - Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus–infected adults. Colonization of Pneumocystis is highly prevalent among the general population and could be associated with the transmission and development of PCP in immunocompromised individuals. Although the microscopic demonstration of the organisms in respiratory specimens is still the golden standard of its diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction has been shown to have a high sensitivity, detecting Pneumocystis DNA in induced sputum or oropharyngeal wash. Serum β-D-glucan is useful as an adjunctive tool for the diagnosis of PCP. High-resolution computed tomography, which typically shows diffuse ground-glass opacities, is informative for the evaluation of immunocompromised patients with suspected PCP and normal chest radiography. Trimethoprim– sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first-line agent for the treatment of mild to severe PCP, although it is often complicated with various side effects. Since TMP-SMX is widely used for the prophylaxis, the putative drug resistance is an emerging concern.
KW - Human immunodeficiency virus
KW - Pneumocystis pneumonia
KW - Polymerase chain reaction
KW - Prophylaxis
KW - Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole
KW - β-D-glucan
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84981277357&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84981277357&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.4137/CCRPM.S23324
DO - 10.4137/CCRPM.S23324
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84981277357
VL - 2015
SP - 19
EP - 28
JO - Clinical Medicine Insights: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine
JF - Clinical Medicine Insights: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine
SN - 1179-5484
ER -